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Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany. Pukkala, T. Multi-objective forest planning. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Requirements and Applicability: Mandatory for central government. Recommended to sub-national governments. However, where a particular type of product or timber species is required and where there is no sustainable timber or FLEGT-licensed timber or alternative available, timber that is verified to meet the UK government requirements for legality can be accepted.
Only legality verification systems ensuring full legal compliance as delivered by the VLC definition will be accepted. Procurement mangers are required to refer to tools such as forest certification, ecolabels, or supplying countries to define which legislation is relevant. Requirements and Applicability: Mandatory to central government. Definition of Legality: Wood of verified legal origin and in compliance with environmental regulations.
Alternative Instruments: Third-party verification systems registered with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Evidence of legality will be accepted only where sustainable wood is unavailable.
Credible, documentary evidence. Evidence is assessed on a case-by-case basis, based on the Timber Procurement Assessment Commitment guidelines. Definition of Legality: Sustainability is the minimum requirement. Alternative Instruments: Forest certified by an independent body, based on internationally recognized criteria. Legality, in itself, not enough as sustainability is the minimum requirement. Definition of Legality: Timber harvested in compliance with the laws of the producing countries.
Alternative Instruments: Wood industry associations' code of conduct, and self-verification mechanisms. Definition of Legality: Timber or wood products from a forest that that has been legally harvested; the entity that harvested the trees has legal rights to use the forest. Alternative Instruments: Step-wise programs towards certification and legality-verification systems. Abroad missions of the Federal armed forces are exempt.
If serious deficiencies e. Product Scope: Wood in the rough, finished and semi-finished products, products in which wood is the most significant component. A review will be conducted in to determine if and how wood from FLEGT-licensed timber is incorporated in the procurement policy. Definition of Legality: Not defined. Ban of tropical timber in public sector construction. The policy itself has no requirements for timber legality or sustainability, but the technical requirements for ecolabeling timber products requires that 1 imported wood originates from sustainably managed forests; 2 domestic wood complies with relevant laws and regulations; and that 3 wood products meet CITES requirements.
The policy is mandatory to central government agencies. Example of illegal logging are provided in Box 4. Illegal logging can generally fall into two broad categories: illegal origin ownership, title or origin , and lack of compliance in harvesting, processing, and trade. The following are examples of activities that have been identified or included in some definitions of illegal logging based on Contreras-Hermosilla, ; Miller et al.
Different definitions of illegal logging can lead to different estimates, which makes addressing the problem more difficult Contreras-Hermosilla et al. A definition of illegal logging generally follows from an analysis of national laws. Since laws vary among countries, so does what is legal and what is illegal. Many countries also have highly complex laws with contradictions between different regulations.
One approach to address this issue is to conduct a national review to identify and develop agreement between key stakeholders about which laws are most relevant and should be included in a definition.
Many countries have enacted log export ban policies to protect forests or to bolster their domestic timber industry. Below is a non-exhaustive list of export bans.
CITES is an international, legally binding agreement to ensure that international trade of certain animals and plants including wood from certain tree species does not threaten their survival. CITES establishes controls for the international trade of selected species.
All import, export, and introduction of species covered by the convention must be authorized through a licensing system established by member countries. Each country designates one or more Management Authorities that administers the licensing system advised by one or more Scientific Authorities. Legality is not a synonym for sustainable forest management. Illegal logging of wood and paper-based products results from a complex set of legal, historical, political, social, and economic issues.
Poverty, limited education, financial issues, economic instability and population growth are enabling factors for illegal activity as well. Illegal activity has many drivers that make it challenging to address. Government officials at local and national levels, companies, and local people can all have a role to play in illegal forest activities:. Estimates of illegal logging in specific countries and regions vary, depending on the nature of the activity, and the variability of laws and regulations Figure 5.
Most of the illegally produced wood is used domestically, although a significant portion enters the international trade, either as finished products or raw materials Seneca Creek and Wood Resources International, During the last five to ten years, addressing illegal logging and illegal trade has risen to the top of the international forestry agenda.
Several international processes 1 have taken up this issue. Demand for legally-sourced wood and paper-based products in global markets has also increased, as a result of changes in public and private procurement policies Table 5: Selected public procurement policies, Table 6: Selected legality requirements in the private sector, and Table 7: Examples of Trade Associations' demand for legal wood products.
Trade regulations such as the amendment of the U. This table highlights a few examples of private procurement policies that address the legality of the wood and paper-based products they purchase. For the purposes of this Guide, the table focuses exclusively on legality. Scope: Board material chipboard and particle board , solid wood, veneer, plywood and layer glued wood.
The policy requires suppliers to have processes and systems in place to ensure that the wood meets the requirements. Suppliers are required to report the origin, volume and species of the wood used in the products three times a year detailed reporting annually , and they must accept auditing at various steps in the supply chain.
Wood from high risk areas for illegal logging undergoes audits all the way back to the forest. Audit is conducted by the company forester or an independent auditor. IKEA promotes the use of FSC certified sources with full Chain of Custody certification to the direct suppliers to the company referred to as preferred sources. Virgin fiber should be traceable down to the forests where the legal origin can be verified either by legality certification, or by credible evidence.
Policy requires suppliers to have processes in place to ensure that virgin fiber for packaging comes from known and legal sources. For virgin fiber from other countries, the policy requires credible and reliable documentation to prove the legal origin of the fiber. Documentation should identify the source location, the source entity, and each intermediary in the supply chain. Policy requires suppliers to have mechanisms in place to ensure that the timber has been harvested and traded in compliance with applicable laws, including CITES requirements.
Policy accepts a FSC certified sources with full chain of custody certification, and b PEFC certified sources for non tropical species with full chain of custody certification. Exceptions to PEFC certified sources include: PEFC certified sources of European wood when supported with full chain of custody certification and confirmation from the vendor that all material used originated in Europe; and other sources of PEFC certified wood when supported with full chain of custody certification and evidence of independent assurance that the sources comply with the requirements of the FSC controlled wood standard.
At times, the policy accepts products from sources engaged in step-wise processes towards certification, if there is an independently verifiable action plan. There are exceptions to the policy on a case-by-case basis where fully-compliant products are not available.
In these cases, suppliers might obtain a grace period to meet the policy requirements. Xerox paper suppliers worldwide must have a process to exclude illegally-harvested wood materials from papers sold to Xerox. Policy requires suppliers to submit detailed documentation to verify conformance to all applicable environmental, health and regulatory requirements, including forestry codes of practice and regulations governing legal harvesting of wood.
Scope: Tissue hard rolls or finished tissue products containing wood fiber. Wood fiber, includes pulp, logs, whole log chips, woodchips and sawdust. The company will not knowingly use illegally harvested wood fiber; illegally harvested wood fiber is defined as wood fiber obtained in violation of applicable government forest management requirements or other applicable laws and regulations.
Also, Kimberly Clark Corporation will not knowingly use conflict wood wood traded in way that drives violent armed conflict or threatens national or regional stability. In terms of legality, other certification systems might be accepted provided that they demonstrate, as verified by a third-party, conformity with international legislation, agreements and accords, and compliance with national and local legislation and regulations. Suppliers are encouraged to achieve FSC certification for sustainable forest management or controlled-wood chain of custody certification, if they have not done so.
Kimberly-Clark will work with suppliers to achieve certification within a reasonable time frame. Suppliers are required to report regularly concerning compliance with the policy. The Corporation tracks and reports annually the amount of wood fiber purchased under each forest certification system.
As part of the verification system, the corporation works with suppliers and others to effectively trace wood fiber to its origin in the forest. When the Corporation enters into long-term agreements with suppliers, it includes language that enables the Corporation to enforce its policy. Purchasing contracts can be terminated or not-renewed for suppliers that are non-compliant with the Kimberly—Clark policy.
One of the long term goals of the policy is to source and trade paper products certified under the FSC system. The policy is being implemented in a step-wise approach to increase the proportion of products certified under the FSC standard.
Suppliers are required to comply with all environmental and forestry laws and regulations. Suppliers are asked to confirm the sources of the fiber in the products, and indicate if the fiber has been legally harvested and traded. Suppliers are also asked to demonstrate that their products do not come from controversial sources, including wood harvested in violation of traditional and civil rights. Staples surveys paper product suppliers to confirm the sources of the fiber of their products and the certification requirements.
The company also has a third party to assess the supply chain of the products on a random sample of the supplier base to confirm the validity of the information about the products. For suppliers sourcing from areas identified as potentially controversial e. Top suppliers are also requested to periodically report the environmental performance of their paper making facilities, or the papermakers from where they purchase the paper.
The policy is being implemented in a phased approach to all paper products suppliers, starting with markets in North America and moving to Europe and other international markets. Implementation is prioritized to address potential risk based on the country of origin, source, and transparency of the supply chain. Weyerhaeuser will not knowingly purchase wood, wood fiber, or products for distribution that originate from illegal logging. Within the U. The company will take steps to ensure that their raw materials and products for distribution either originate in countries with effective laws against illegal logging, or are independently certified or verified under credible and transparent safeguards.
The safeguards might include environmental management systems if the risk of illegal logging is significant. The company may work with suppliers that demonstrate the ability to come in compliance with the Weyerhaeuser policy within an agreed-upon timeframe.
Fiber must be traceable back to the source of harvest. Trade association policies and guidelines are, however, often voluntary. In May 22, , the U. Congress amended the year-old Lacey Act on the prohibition of transporting and trading illegally gathered wildlife or wildlife products to include plants and plant-products. On October 20, , the European Parliament approved the European Union Timber Regulation, requiring those who place timber and timber products in the market place to curb illegally harvested timber and timber products.
In the Australian Parliament approved the Illegal Logging Prohibition, banning the import or processing of wood logged in violation of the laws in the country of origin. The table below compares the three trade regulations.
Relevant legislation includes: legal rights to harvest; taxes and fees related to harvesting; compliance with timber harvesting laws, including forest management and biodiversity conservation laws; respect for third parties' legal rights and tenure; compliance with relevant trade and customs laws.
The Regulation does not cover timber products or components of timber or timber products that have completed their lifecycle and would otherwise be disposed of as waste.
It also excludes material used exclusively as packaging to support, protect or carry another product being placed on the market. Department of Justice, The first major enforcement action under the amended Lacey Act occurred in against Gibson Guitar.
This action set a precedent on creating due care systems to comply with Lacey. As part of the criminal enforcement agreement between the U. DoJ, In Switzerland, the Ordinance on Declaring Wood and Wood Products Ordonnance sur la Declaration Concernant le Bois et les Produits en Bois from , requires any party selling timber or timber products to consumers to disclose information about the species used in the product, including whether or not the species is listed in CITES, and the place of harvest.
Timber and timber products covered include firewood, roundwood and wood in the rough, pickets and stakes of wood, railway sleepers, sawmill products, sheets for veneering, carpentry, joinery, furniture made entirely of solid wood, and other solid wood items Federal Department of Economic Affairs, ; Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, In response to the emergence of legality requirements in the marketplace, a number of voluntary systems and schemes have emerged to help assess and verify the legality of wood and paper-based products Table 8 below.
A number of systems and projects have emerged in response to market demands for legally-sourced products. These resources often involve an independent third-party that verifies the legality of the product against a pre-determined standard or set of criteria and indicators.
The legality of the products can be verified at two levels: legality of the origin of the timber e. Legality-verification systems and projects often include chain-of-custody criteria to trace the flow of products through the supply chain and to ensure that verified products are handled separately from non-legally verified products. Below is a general compilation of existing legality standards and voluntary programs put in place by different organizations.
Legality is covered in forest management certification standards e. FSC or PEFC ; however, because legality is not the main focus of these standards, they are not included in this table. Third-party system to guarantee the geographic origin of the forest products and the legal compliance of the forest company.
Originally developed to demonstrate legality in tropical regions. Can be applied at the global level. Standard was developed initially by Eurocertifor. Eurocertifor was acquired in by Bureau Veritas; since then, the standard has been reviewed and updated to be applied internationally. Assessment is carried out by an audit team acting on behalf of Bureau Veritas.
If needed, additional expert consultants are used. Observers can also participate in audits. The certification is granted for five years with surveillance audits of at least once a year. The legality verification system is currently available only in Indonesia, with plans to expand into other locations. Within two years after an entity joins the CertiSource system, CertiSource policy requires concessions and sawmills to demonstrate a concrete commitment to reaching FSC certification.
Standard was developed using GFTN's guidelines of timber legality as the generic base. Prior to entering a verification process, a supply-chain audit is conducted to eliminate products that are clearly linked to illegal sources. Verification involves certifying overall concession legality and chain of custody compliance at least once a year in addition to auditing legality for every batch of timber processed under the CertiSource system.
The system also ensures each pallet of timber can be traced from distributor back to source, and that the CertiSource required commitment from participating concessions and sawmills to achieving FSC certification is adhered to. Standard to validate the legality of the origin of timber. The standard is considered a first step towards SFM certification. Developed by Keurhout based on experience, existing references, and expert and stakeholder consultation. The standard was developed in coordination with the Netherlands Timber Trade Association.
Verification of individual certificates or entire certification systems is carried out by an independent Board of Experts BoE that includes experts with different disciplinary backgrounds and representing different stakeholder groups. Experts are appointed by the Keurhout Management Authority. Assessments are conducted based on documentation and evidence and, where relevant, may include verification in the field.
Validation decisions are made by the BoE. Once validated, a certificate or system is admitted to the Keurhout Legal System. Validity of the admission can be up to 5 years, but it depends on the validity of the individual certificates themselves.
Validity includes periodic monitoring. In addition, Keurhout also facilitates a CoC system for timber trading and processing companies. The CoC system is verified annually by accredited independent Certification Bodies, which are entitled to issue a Keurhout CoC certificate.
Standard to verify that timber originates from forest sources that have documented legal rights to harvest. Developed by Rainforest Alliance based on existing references. It involves stakeholder review and consultation when necessary. Assessments are conducted by Rainforest Alliance staff and expert consultants. The process involves stakeholder involvement and consultations. An extension of the VLO designed to verify that the harvesting operation complies with applicable and relevant forestry laws and regulation.
Program to confirm the legality of the source of forest products. The second focuses on tracking timber throughout the supply chain. The Program is applicable globally. The standard is cross-referenced with national and local laws and regulations through review and stakeholder consultations.
Standard can be replaced with another existing, locally recognized, standard that meets or exceeds LHV. Annual audits are required to maintain the participation in the LHV program. Verifies the legal origin of the wood and the rights to harvest the wood. The system is designed to work, wherever possible, within an FSC framework to support companies in achieving FSC certification. Evaluation includes stakeholder consultation to cross-check the standard, add credibility and be transparent.
Soil Association wm soilassociation. The Framework consists of 10 principles and various criteria; it was developed to support improvements in the governance of forest sector by providing information on forest-related laws and regulations in a clear and consistent manner. The Framework can be used to develop consistent approaches to defining legality, and to inform efforts to verify legal compliance.
Additional information provided includes guides to legal documentation. Guidance intended to help foreign companies verify the legal origin of the wood. It is meant to cover changes to the Russian Forest Code implemented in The checklist was field tested by NepCon. Checklist can be applied by companies themselves, or by an independent third-party. Anybody applying the checklist should have basic knowledge and experience in forest legislation and forest operations in Russia.
Regarded as a medium term solution until an official legality standard is in place in a country. Checklists are meant to be neutral, widely accepted, pragmatic and auditable, transparent, linked to original sources, and subject to review and adaptation.
Developed by TTAP, based on legality definitions and legality verification standards already in place or in development and through stakeholder consultation.
Minimum requirements for chain of custody are considered as part of the checklists. Checklists are used by TTAP staff to assess gaps in the legality of the supply chains and implement supply chain control systems. Bilateral cooperation between consumer and producer markets and free trade agreements are other efforts to address illegal logging. The European Union, through Voluntary Partnership Agreements, works with a select number of countries to build their capacity and support reforms in the governance of their forest sectors, to reduce the production of illegally harvested timber Box 8 below.
The FLEGT Action Plan recognizes that consumer countries contribute to the illegal logging problem through the demand for timber and wood-based products. The Plan encompasses seven measures:. Overall, the Action Plan seeks to develop markets for legal products in Europe, and establish bilateral partnerships Voluntary Partnership Agreements, or VPAs with producing countries to build their capacity and support reforms in the governance of their forest sectors to reduce the production of illegally harvested timber.
The VPAs also seek to establish and implement tracking and licensing systems, called Legality Assurance Systems, to ensure that only legally produced products enter the European Union.
Establishing a Voluntary Partnership Agreement involves four phases:. The Voluntary Partnership Agreements focus on the forest sector and their core concern is establishing a shared understanding of what legal timber is and a system for legal enforcement.
Nevertheless, VPAs are not meant to resolve other issues that are fundamental to the supply of illegal timber such as land use conflicts or accountability Falconer, Legality definition covers the following aspects: fiscal and administrative requirements; harvesting, forest management and processing operations; transportation; social and environmental requirements.
Companies holding SFM or legality verification certificates from voluntary schemes may receive a "legality certificate" valid for one year without further verification. Private certification schemes will undergo an evaluation by the Cameroonian government to ensure their standards and verification mechanisms satisfy the requirements of the LAS.
Legality definition covers the following aspects: legality of the operation; right of access to the resource; social and environmental requirements as well as rights of indigenous and local communities; logging and processing requirements; transportation and traceability; compliance with contractual obligations and relationships with subcontractors for activities other than logging. LAS applies to all timber and timber products derived from industrial forest operations concessions, plantations ; artisanal and communityproduced products might be covered in the future.
A simplified LAS approach for plantations will be developed during the full implementation phase. An independent auditor will periodically inspect the LAS implementation. Independent audits will occur four times per year in the first year, twice during the second and third years, and once a year from the fourth year onwards.
For timber from operations that hold forest management and legality verification certificates, a process will be developed to ensure these voluntary systems meet the requirements of the LAS.
Legality definition covers: timber source land ownership ; allocation of timber rights; timber harvesting operations; transportation; processing and trade; and, fiscal obligations. The definition includes compliance with environmental and social requirements. LAS applies to all timber and timber products produced, processed, traded and exported from Ghana. Central to the LAS system is a wood tracking system to monitor and control timber throughout the supply chain.
The definition of legality is applicable to both natural forests and plantations. There are two coherent definitions that are based on the forest types and forest ownership regimes; these definitions cover all types of timber and timber products. Key aspects covered by the definition of legality are: legal right to operate; access rights; social requirements, including participation of local communities and indigenous peoples; forest management, harvesting and processing of timber; transport and trade; fiscal obligations.
LAS applies to all timber and timber-based products that are produced, processed, and traded including imports, exports, and timber in transit in the Republic of Congo. Timber and timber products that are not sold in European markets, and those that are sold on the domestic market, are also subject to the LAS. The definition of legality is framed around principles addressing wood harvesting and processing, and by type of forests.
The definition covers the following: legal status, area, and right to use the forests; ownership of the timber; compliance with legal harvesting requirements; compliance with environmental and social aspects related to harvest; compliance with laws that regulate forest conversion; and compliance with supply chain management requirements. LAS applies to all commercial timber and timber products produced, processed and purchased in Indonesia, including exports. System might apply in the future to timber destined for the domestic market.
The definition of legality covers all aspects of timber production throughout the supply chain forest management, timber production, processing and export.
LAS will apply to all timber harvested, processed, sold in or exported from Liberia. This includes timber imported from other countries. LAS will also cover production from all types of forest holdings and by all types of operators.
The VPA also established an independent auditor to ensure proper function and oversight of the LAS by an independent third party. In the context of global climate change, the FLEGT initiative and process and the development and implementation of VPAs can be seen as efforts to improve governance in the forest sector which, in turn, can be used to help countries meet national objectives related to the Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REDD see Section on Climate Change.
Governments, civil society organizations and the private sector may be having a significant impact on illegal logging. A study of producer, processing and consumer countries suggests that illegal logging might have decreased significantly in Cameroon, the Brazilian Amazon and Indonesia over the last decade Lawson and MacFaul, However, given the varying estimates of the amount of illegal activity previously, it is very hard to judge how much of an improvement there may have been.
The amount of illegal logging is still significant in many countries. Prominent international initiatives include the G8 Forestry Action Programme, agreed by G8 foreign ministers in , and the Gleneagles Declaration in The movement for sustainable procurement of wood and paper-based products is driven to a large extent by the concern for how forests are affected by wood production.
This concern has two major aspects:. Sustainable Forest Management SFM is a management regime that integrates and balances social, economic, ecological, cultural, and spiritual needs of present and future generations United Nations, Essential aspects of SFM include the following:.
There are various approaches, positions, standards, and definitions of what SFM means and what specific management measures it requires. There are also various methods to measure progress towards SFM. Depending on the way their authors understand the concept and the management objectives, SFM standards for the same forest can be different.
Regional standards for SFM can legitimately be somewhat different from one another, reflecting differences in forest types, legal frameworks, social conditions, and other factors. Mainstream standards for SFM differ on the following issues:. However, all SFM standards also recognize there is no single harvesting method suitable for all forest ecosystems. Forest certification schemes define SFM through their respective standards Table 9 below.
All types of forests can be sustainably managed, from primary or natural forests to intensively managed forest plantations Box 9 below. Criterion 5 require special care of forest areas that are on sensitive soils, erosion-prone areas, or forests that protect water resources.
Criterion 6 requires special care for sites with recognized historical, cultural, or spiritual significance for the local communities. Forest conversion to plantations or non-forest land uses should not occur except in circumstances where conversion entails a very limited portion of the forest management unit, does not occur in high conservation value areas, and will deliver long-term conservation benefits.
Principle 6 of FSC addresses chemicals. Chemicals should be minimized. Documentation, monitoring, and control are required. Prohibits the use of pesticides type 1A and 1B, as defined by the World Health Organization, as well as chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides; pesticides that are persistent, toxic or whose derivatives remain biologically active and accumulate in the food chain. The increasing demand for wood and paper-based products will likely be met, at least in part, through the establishment of new forest plantations.
The area of forest plantations worldwide has been increasing to reach million ha in Slightly less than half of the world's plantations are in Asia while exceptionally fast increases were experienced in North America, Central America, Oceania and South America between and FAO, This trend is expected to continue, especially in developing countries. There are advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered when sourcing from forest plantations.
Planted forests plantations may not provide the same ecosystem services natural forests provide, but they can play a positive role in other regards:. However, when forest plantations reduce the production costs for timber, products from natural forests may be at a disadvantage. If natural forests become less economically viable, it could cause owners to convert their lands to other more financially attractive land uses.
This table provides an overview of the general characteristics of these two systems. This table is NOT meant to be an exhaustive comparison. A list of references to more detailed comparisons can be found in the section on additional resources. Forest land can be sustainably managed without being certified by a forest certification system. Producers may not pursue forest certification if they perceive the costs of the process as outweighing the price premium offered for certified products.
For many communities, forests also hold significant cultural and spiritual values. Forests are some of the richest areas for biodiversity on the globe.
They provide a variety of habitats for plants, animals and micro-organisms. Forests provide an important regulating ecosystem service; i.
Deforestation causes some of this carbon to be released back to the atmosphere, which can exacerbate global warming. Want to keep learning? This content is taken from The University of Nottingham online course,.
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